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International Criminal Justice Review. Asia, Inc. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. Child Workers in Asia 13 2—3 , China Daily.

Retrieved 3 December Department of State. Archived from the original on 3 July This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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The Korea Times. Retrieved 7 September Macau Daily Times. The Tokyo Reporter. Intelligence digest, Volume Intelligence International Ltd. Retrieved 29 February Triads in Portugal.

Sources in Lisbon say that Chinese triad gangs from the Portuguese colony of Macau are setting up in Portugal ahead of the handover of Macau to China in Security sources fear that as many as triad members could settle in Portugal.

They are already involved in securing Portuguese citizenship for Macau residents by arranging marriages of convenience with Portuguese prostitutes.

Time Magazine. Retrieved 19 April The Monthly. The Huffington Post. Ho Chi Minh City. Vietnam Study Group. Archived from the original PDF on 11 September Archived from the original on 4 March Viet Nam News.

HA NOI. Archived from the original on 30 January DE Retrieved 1 October Retrieved 5 November A popular contemporary magazine which followed closely the news in the 'flower business' huashi so recorded at least one case of such career advancement that occurred to a Tanka boat-people prostitute in Canton.

Parliament March Volume of C Series Great Britain. Parliament reprint ed. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode for H.

Retrieved 1 November Across Asia from West to East in Retrieved 25 August Muslim World: Modern Muslim Societies.

Marshall Cavendish. Retrieved 5 April In Thailand , prostitution is illegal; however, laws are ambiguous and unenforced.

Sex work in Thailand is a significant economic incentive for rural, unskilled women with financial obligations such as dependents or debts.

In Germany , prostitution is legal and taxed. Germany also allows brothels, advertisements, and job offers through HR companies. Germany passed the Prostitutes Protection Act in , which was intended to protect prostitutes by requiring a permit for all prostitution trades and a prostitute registration certificate.

The legality of prostitution in Australia varies considerably between states and territories, which each have their own laws.

In Western Australia , Northern Territory, South Australia, and Tasmania , independent sex work is legal and not regulated, but brothels are illegal.

Prostitutes work out of five-star hotels, karaokes, entertainment centers, dance halls, boxing clubs, beauty parlors, hairdressers, barbershops, saunas, bathhouses, massage parlors, nightclubs and on the streets.

Prostitutes operate openly in almost every major hotel in China. In one survey, 10 percent of sexually-active men admitted having paid for sex with a prostitute.

Single foreign men often receive phone calls from prostitutes in their hotel rooms. No sooner had I check into my room at the Beihai Hotel than there was a knock on my door.

I turned down her offer, then headed out to see the sights of the city. Less than an hour later, I was approached by another prostitute.

Brothels are often disguised as hair salons or operate out of working hair salons. They are common sights in cities and towns of all sizes and operate for the most part without any interference.

Brothels and kinky toy shops are mixed into residential neighborhoods everywhere. Prostitutes work at all levels of society from the grandest hotels to the poorest neighborhoods and lowliest villages.

Prostitutes with beepers and mobile phones openly solicit sex at truck stops on the main highways. Southern cities like Shenzhen and Dongguan have a reputation for being particularly seedy.

Nick Frisch of Danwei. Fuck, man. Nothing but factories, gangsters, fat officials, and whores. Fucking Dongguan.

The sex industry is growing rapidly. Even small cities have their own entertainment districts. Estimates of the numbers of prostitutes in China range from 3 million according to officials estimates by the government to 10 million by the U.

State Department to 20 million by one Chinese economist. By one count there around 1 million full-time prostitutes in China and perhaps 8 to 10 million more that sometimes accept money and gifts for sex.

One marker of the booming sex industry in Shenzhen—both in terms of prostitutes and misstresses—is the high number of children born out-of-wedlock.

China has roughly 4 million to 6 million sex workers, according to a World Health Organization paper, and they can be found in every city, working out of hair salons, karaoke bars, hotels, massage parlors, bars, barber shops and on the street.

Demand also has been driven by a gender imbalance, with the strict one-child policy resulting in higher numbers of men than women. In addition, gender inequality, which limits education and economic opportunities for women, has pushed more of them into the sex trade, the study says.

Prostitutes used to be found mostly in well known bars and karaokes in the major cities. Now they are found everywhere: on university campuses, in residential neighborhoods and even at Wal-art stores in almost every town in every province Customers are often secured through cell phone and Internet services.

These days there are so many prostitutes that an oversupply has forced prices down. I used to receive two visitors before, and now I have to do three to four a day.

My income is the same. I just have to work a little harder. The rise in prostitution is more a manifestation of a lack of well-paying jobs than a loss morality.

Many prostitutes send a large portion of their income to their families and to their hometowns. Yet they made big money. It is clear that the institution of government-run prostitution reached its peak in the Tang A.

In ancient China, where most women had no opportunity to acquire an education, and formal contact between men and women was frowned upon, it was the role of the courtesan to entertain a man and be his friend.

Every prominent official, writer, artist, or merchant customarily left his wife at home when he traveled; instead he was accompanied by women skilled in making men feel comfortable.

Tens of thousands of sex workers used to practise in the city, servicing people working in its vast sprawl of factories as well as visitors drawn by its sleaze.

That began to change early in , when the local government launched an unusually fierce anti-vice campaign.

In the first few days alone some 6, police raided 2, saunas, karaoke bars and other such venues.

They hauled away many of their staff and patrons. Four years later punters can still buy sex in Dongguan, as they can across China.

He offers an appointment with a woman he knows. Yet city officials have done a far more thorough job of clamping down on the business than most locals expected.

A lot of them appear to have left town. The Communist Party has long portrayed prostitution as a form of exploitation and itself as a liberator of women who engage in it with the help of thought reform in labour camps.

After seizing power in , the party used its control of the economy to provide alternative jobs for many prostitutes.

Under the "custody and education system," Chinese authorities can also send the detainees - without a warrant - to centers where they are "reeducated through work.

The stigma and police violence faced by the sex workers has been researched by Chinese author Zhang Lijia for her novel "Lotus," which focuses on prostitution in the country.

When arrested, they can easily wriggle out by paying a small fine or sometimes not even that. It is much more difficult for the sex workers," the author told EFE in an interview.

In her research, Zhang found out that a majority of these women take up sex work owing to poverty and lack of livelihood opportunities.

Hong is also a part of "fireflies," a group of five volunteers, who are working toward curbing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV at the Xicheng Disease Control and Prevention Center in western Beijing.